The unreliable electrical grid is the main barrier to the development of the mining sector, one of Mali’s most important industries. To address these challenges, the transition government is working to expand electricity supply, including off-grid solutions in rural areas, and encourage investment in the energy sector to stimulate the economy.
Therefore, the problem can be formulated as a minimal 5G BS energy consumption optimization model, i.e., the energy consumption reduced by reasonably switching off the idle or lightly loaded BSs and reasonably associate UEs with BSs (i.e., the BS switching state and BS-UE association state scheme).
1. Introduction 5G base station (BS), as an important electrical load, has been growing rapidly in the number and density to cope with the exponential growth of mobile data traffic . It is predicted that by 2025, there will be about 13.1 million BSs in the world, and the BS energy consumption will reach 200 billion kWh .
The explosive growth of mobile data traffic has resulted in a significant increase in the energy consumption of 5G base stations (BSs).
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This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of …
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The unreliable electrical grid is the main barrier to the development of the mining sector, one of Mali’s most important industries. To address these challenges, the transition …
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A base station control algorithm based on Multi-Agent Proximity Policy Optimization (MAPPO) is designed. In the constructed 5G UDN model, each base station is considered as …
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An energy consumption optimization strategy of 5G base stations (BSs) considering variable threshold sleep mechanism (ECOS-BS) is proposed, which includes the initial …
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Policy, Regulation and Sector Planning The energy sector in Mali is governed by the Politique Energétique Nationale (PEN) Law15 adopted in 2006. Its objective is to promote …
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Renewable energy is considered a viable and practical approach to power the small cell base station in an ultra-dense 5G network infrastructure to reduce the energy …
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The Government has been urged to prioritise immediate interventions to ensure stable electricity supply to support Ghana’s rollout of the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile …
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With the maturity and large-scale deployment of 5G technology, the proportion of energy consumption of base stations in the smart grid is increasing, and there is an urgent …
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In today’s 5G era, the energy efficiency (EE) of cellular base stations is crucial for sustainable communication. Recognizing this, Mobile Network Operators are actively prioritizing EE for …
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The rapid development of 5G has greatly increased the total energy storage capacity of base stations. How to fully utilize the often dormant base station energy storage …
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This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of …
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