These predicted station numbers are considerably smaller than the business-projected 6-million stations, even for the BDDL = 100 % case under the S2 scenario that yielded the number of 5G base stations at 5.03 million, still one million smaller than the business-estimated 5G base stations. This number, however, is implausible.
Our modelled 5G base stations by 2030 range from about 1.3 to 5.0 million subjects to the two scenarios.
Under the model predicted 5G base stations, China''s 5G network could yield 0.15–0.29 GtCO2 /yr emissions subject to the nation''s BDDL from 40 to 80 % by 2030. Both 5G base stations and CO 2 emissions are significantly lower than the previous estimates.
Given that China currently has the largest 5G network in the world (∼1.53 million base stations by the end of 2021, Table S1) and that base station number was projected by up to 6–8 million by 2030 (CCID Consulting, 2020), concerns are being expressed regarding 5G mobile networks'' environmental effects and sustainability.
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